1990, Doctorate, University of Duisburg; 1999, Habilitation. Formerly: teaching positions at universities of Duisburg, M++nster and Munich; 1991-93, Assistant Professor, American University of Beirut. Since 1992, with Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, the German Institute for International and Security Affairs: several years as Head, Research Group, Middle East and Africa; currently, Executive Chairman and Director, Berlin. Professor, Political Science and International Relations, Humboldt University Berlin and Free University of Berlin. Member of the Advisory Council, Shanghai Institute for International Studies; Finnish Institute of International Affairs.